Vermiculture: Indoor Composting and Organic Soil Improvement

Keywords: vermiculture, vermicomposting, vegetable gardening, organic gardening, soil improvement
Maybe you’ve never heard the term vermiculture, if so don’t feel bad, many experienced gardeners are unfamiliar with this organic practice. I think vermiculture is fascinating; simply put it’s the process of composting kitchen waste with earthworms. We’re not talking about common night crawlers, but special varieties of worms such as red worms, and red wigglers.
I’ll admit to owning an ant farm when I was a kid, but this is so much more practical. Vermiculture, or vermicomposting as its also known is more like beekeeping; yes I’ve given that a try too. But just imagine for a second, you feed the worms your leftover garbage and kitchen scraps. The worms then quickly eat all those leftovers, sparing you the hassles of taking out the garbage.
And here’s the best part, while the composting worms are disposing of your garbage, they’re also producing a terrific organic fertilizer and soil conditioner called earthworm castings. Well, okay… the term earthworm casting is just a nice name for earthworm excrement. I don’t know who thought up the term earthworm castings, but I guess it makes sense if you think it through.
You may have seen worm castings for sale at your local garden center and didn’t realize what you were dealing with, but now you know. Don’t worry, earthworm castings are clean, odorless, and sterile… trust me on this one. You don’t need gloves or a shovel to handle them, and they are wonderful for improving your soil quality and for promoting the growth and health of all your plants.
So you can purchase bags of earthworm castings to use around the garden or if you’re a little more adventurous you can set up an “earthworm farm” and produce your own. The farm is actually just a worm bin that can be set up indoors or outdoors depending on the climate.
Vermicomposting isn’t complicated, but the worms are living creatures, and have certain requirements. For example they don’t tolerate extremely hot living conditions, and they also won’t survive freezing. The worms are pretty healthy eaters, so while eggshells are fine, don’t try slipping any meat, fats, or greasy foods into their diet.
If this sounds a little like having a pet, well it is. Not terribly demanding, but they do require a little of your attention to make sure that things run smoothly. In exchange they’ll be hard at work performing their community service to save the environment and to help you grow a better garden.
Kids love vermicomposting and some schools even include vermiculture as part of the curriculum. For those of you wishing that they had grown up with a worm bin instead of that ant farm, it’s not too late to try one out. You can find plans for building homemade bins or you can purchase fancy multi level bins over the Internet. And unlike those ant farms, you can have your bin delivered complete with the composting worms.
If you’re up for the challenge and interested in recycling your family’s kitchen waste into a valuable fertilizer and soil conditioner, try your hand at vermiculture. During long winters, it may even help to pass the time until you can get back out into the garden.



Vermiculture is the management of worms
It defines the thrilling potential for waste reduction, fertilizer production, as well as an assortment of possible uses for the future. Vermiculture enhances the growth of plants that provide food along with producing prosperous and financially rewarding fertilizer.


The earthworm is one of nature's pinnacle "soil scientists." Earthworms are liberated, cost effective farm relief. The worms are accountable for a variety of elements including turning common soil into superior quality. Worms facilitate the amount of air and water that travels into soil. They break down organic matter and when they eat, they leave behind castings that are an exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer.

Charles Darwin's primal struggle to survive and reproduce entailed the terminal disappearance called extinction (extinction being the death of the species and so the death of deaths). Darwin was haunted by irredeemable loss and studied the benefits of worms over one hundred years ago. Today, his foresight on the topic of Vermiculture (worms) has influenced the profit margin for many farmers across the country.







How to build a worm bin

Worm bins are designed for composting food wastes using red worms (Eisenia Foetida). Vegetable and fruit scraps from the kitchen are added on a regular basis; the worms eat the food waste and turn it into compost.
What you need
• a container that is wide and shallow
• red worms
• bedding
• fruit and vegetable scraps from your kitchen
How you do it
Fill the container three-quarters full with moistened bedding. Add the worms. Pull aside some of the bedding, bury the food waste and cover it up.
What happens
During a period of two to three months, the worms and microorganisms eat the food waste and bedding and produce a rich compost.
Worm bins – four steps
1. The container and the worms
Build a wooden worm bin (use the plans in this brochure), buy a plastic tub with a lid, or use an old trunk or drawer. Wooden containers are absorbent and good insulators. Plastic containers maintain a constant moisture level but may get too wet.
The container should be between 8 and 16 inches deep, with holes drilled in the bottom and sides for aeration and drainage. The bin design in this brochure will accommodate about one pound of red worms (1,000 to 2,000 worms) and process about seven pounds of fruit and vegetable scraps each week. Raise the bin on bricks or wooden blocks for air circulation and to protect from freezing in winter. Place a tray underneath to capture any excess moisture.
Cover the bin to conserve moisture and provide darkness for the worms. Place a sheet of dark plastic on top of the bedding to retard moisture loss and discourage fruit flies.
Worm bins may be located outdoors, or in the basement, shed, garage, balcony or under the kitchen counter. They need to be kept moist, dark and out of hot sun. When temperatures drop below freezing, bins should be moved indoors or be well-insulated.
There are local and mail order suppliers of red worms. Red worms are recommended because they quickly and efficiently process food waste into vermicompost. These worms will probably not survive in your garden. Most suppliers sell red worms by the pound. Availability of worms may fluctuate seasonally. A list of suppliers is available from Metro Recycling Information.
2. The bedding
Suitable bedding materials include shredded newspaper or cardboard, brown leaves, straw, peat moss and/or sawdust. Mix more than one bedding item in the bin to create an environment with spaces for air and to allow easy movement by the worms. Fill the bin three-quarters full with bedding that has been moistened so it is as wet as a wrung out sponge. Add a handful of dirt to provide necessary grit for the worms' digestion. Cover the bedding with a dark sheet of plastic to maintain a constant moisture level and discourage fruit flies. During the course of several months, the worms will eat the bedding. Add more moistened bedding as necessary to maintain the bin at three-quarters full.
3. Food waste
Do feed your worms
• vegetable scraps
• coffee grounds and filters
• tea bags and filters
• limited amounts of old bread (no butter, mayonnaise)
• fruit peels or pulp
Do not feed your worms
• meat
• fish
• dairy products
• greasy or oily foods
• pet wastes
To avoid odor or pest problems, do not compost meats, dairy products, oily foods or grains. When adding food waste to the bin, pull aside some of the bedding and bury the food. Bury successive loads in different locations in the bin.
4. Harvesting your compost and cleaning out the bin
After several months, there should be a marked reduction in the amount of bedding in the bin. Dark, crumbly compost castings will have collected in a layer on the bottom of the bin. It is time to remove some of the finished compost and add new bedding.
The quickest method is to build fresh bedding on one side of the bin and feed the worms on that side only. Wait two weeks until the worms have migrated to that side, then move the bedding from the whole bin to that side. Remove the finished compost from the "worm-free" side of the bin. Use the compost on your house plants, seedlings or for general garden use.
Add new moistened bedding to the empty side of the bin. Next time you add food, put it in the new bedding. The worms will migrate into the new bedding to eat the food.
After several more months, repeat the procedure to remove the finished compost from the other side of the bin.
Common problems
Odor
To avoid unpleasant odors
• add only enough food that the worms can eat in a few days
• maintain air spaces in the bedding
• keep bedding moist but not wet
• add only the proper food items
Fruit flies
To discourage fruit flies
• bury the food waste in the bedding
• place a dark plastic sheet over the bedding
• put the bin in a location where a few fruit flies will not bother anyone
Too hot or too cold
Excessive heat, above 90 degrees or excessive cold, below freezing, can cause the worms to die. If your worm bin is outdoors, insulate it during the heat of summer and the coldest part of winter with straw, brown leaves or an old blanket thrown over the bin. Moving an outdoor bin into the garage or shed will provide protection during hot or cold spells.
Build your own worm bin
This bin will accommodate one pound of worms and handle the food waste for a family of four. It can be built for about $45. To request a brochure with illustrated directions, call Metro Recycling Information at (503) 234-3000 or send e-mail to mri@metro.dst.or.us
Tools
• tape measure
• skill saw or rip hand saw
• hammer
• saw horses
• long straight edge or chalk snap line
• screwdriver
• chisel
• wood glue
• drill with 1/2-inch bit
Use eye and ear protection
Materials
• one 1/2-inch sheet of plywood (treated wood is not recommended)
• one 14-foot utility 2x4
• one 16-foot utility 2x4
• one pound 4d galvanized nails
• 1/4 pound 16d galvanized nails
• one piano hinge with screws
Construction of the bin
Measure and cut plywood as indicated in drawing below. To make base, cut the 14-foot 2x4 into five pieces; two 48 inches and three 20 inches long. The remaining 12-inch piece will be used to make the sides. Nail the 2x4s together on edge with two 16d nails at each joint as illustrated in the base frame diagram. Nail the plywood base piece onto the 2x4 frame using the 4d nails.
To build the box, cut three 12-inch pieces from the 16-foot 2x4. Place a 1-foot 2x4 under the end of each side panel so that the 2x4 is flush with the top and side edges of the plywood, and nail the boards into place. Nail the side pieces onto the base frame. To complete the box, nail the ends onto the base and sides. To reinforce the box, place a nail at least every 3 inches wherever plywood and 2x4s meet. Drill 12 holes, 1/2 inch in diameter, through the bottom of the box for drainage.
To build the lid, cut the remainder of the 16-foot 2x4 into two 51 inch lengths and two 27-inch pieces. Cut lap joints in the corners, then glue and nail the frame together. Center the plywood on the 2x4 frame and nail with 4d nails. Lay top on ground with plywood touching ground. Attach hinge onto the top and back using the short screws to the top and the long screws to the back. Center the hinge and make sure the screws go through the plywood to the 2x4s.
Summary
A worm bin is an ecosystem. About eight microorganisms will thrive in your bin with the worms. Together they eat, reproduce and make compost. It is your responsibility to maintain an environment conducive for life. The worms, in turn, will thrive, reproduce and generate an enormous quantity of high-quality compost.

Methods of Mathematical Proof

This is from _A Random Walk in Science_ (by Joel E. Cohen?):

To illustrate the various methods of proof we give an example of a
logical system.

THE PEJORATIVE CALCULUS

Lemma 1. All horses are the same colour.
(Proof by induction)

Proof. It is obvious that one horse is the same colour. Let us assume
the proposition P(k) that k horses are the same colour and use this to
imply that k+1 horses are the same colour. Given the set of k+1 horses,
we remove one horse; then the remaining k horses are the same colour,
by hypothesis. We remove another horse and replace the first; the k
horses, by hypothesis, are again the same colour. We repeat this until
by exhaustion the k+1 sets of k horses have been shown to be the same
colour. It follows that since every horse is the same colour as every
other horse, P(k) entails P(k+1). But since we have shown P(1) to be
true, P is true for all succeeding values of k, that is, all horses are
the same colour.

Theorem 1. Every horse has an infinite number of legs.
(Proof by intimidation.)

Proof. Horses have an even number of legs. Behind they have two legs
and in front they have fore legs. This makes six legs, which is cer-
tainly an odd number of legs for a horse. But the only number that is
both odd and even is infinity. Therefore horses have an infinite num-
ber of legs. Now to show that this is general, suppose that somewhere
there is a horse with a finite number of legs. But that is a horse of
another colour, and by the lemma that does not exist.

Corollary 1. Everything is the same colour.

Proof. The proof of lemma 1 does not depend at all on the nature of the
object under consideration. The predicate of the antecedent of the uni-
versally-quantified conditional 'For all x, if x is a horse, then x is
the same colour,' namely 'is a horse' may be generalized to 'is anything'
without affecting the validity of the proof; hence, 'for all x, if x is
anything, x is the same colour.'

Corollary 2. Everything is white.

Proof. If a sentential formula in x is logically true, then any parti-
cular substitution instance of it is a true sentence. In particular
then: 'for all x, if x is an elephant, then x is the same colour' is
true. Now it is manifestly axiomatic that white elephants exist (for
proof by blatant assertion consult Mark Twain 'The Stolen White Ele-
phant'). Therefore all elephants are white. By corollary 1 everything
is white.

Theorem 2. Alexander the Great did not exist and he had an infinite
number of limbs.

Proof. We prove this theorem in two parts. First we note the obvious
fact that historians always tell the truth (for historians always take
a stand, and therefore they cannot lie). Hence we have the historically
true sentence, 'If Alexander the Great existed, then he rode a black
horse Bucephalus.' But we know by corollary 2 everything is white;
hence Alexander could not have ridden a black horse. Since the conse-
quent of the conditional is false, in order for the whole statement to
be true the antecedent must be false. Hence Alexander the Great did not
exist.
We have also the historically true statement that Alexander was warned
by an oracle that he would meet death if he crossed a certain river. He
had two legs; and 'forewarned is four-armed.' This gives him six limbs,
an even number, which is certainly an odd number of limbs for a man.
Now the only number which is even and odd is infinity; hence Alexander
had an infinite number of limbs. We have thus proved that Alexander the
Great did not exist and that he had an infinite number of limbs.

Several students were asked the following problem:

Prove that all odd integers are prime.

Well, the first student to try to do this was a math student. Hey
says "Hmmm... Well, 1 is prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, and by
induction, we have that all the odd integers are prime."

Of course, there are some jeers from some of his friends. The physics
student then said, "I'm not sure of the validity of your proof, but I
think I'll try to prove it by experiment." He continues, "Well, 1 is
prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, 7 is prime, 9 is ... uh, 9 is an
experimental error, 11 is prime, 13 is prime... Well, it seems that
you're right."

The third student to try it was the engineering student, who
responded, "Well, actually, I'm not sure of your answer either. Let's
see... 1 is prime, 3 is prime, 5 is prime, 7 is prime, 9 is ..., 9 is
..., well if you approximate, 9 is prime, 11 is prime, 13 is prime...
Well, it does seem right."

Not to be outdone, the computer science student comes along and says
"Well, you two sort've got the right idea, but you'd end up taking too
long doing it. I've just whipped up a program to REALLY go and prove
it..." He goes over to his terminal and runs his program. Reading
the output on the screen he says, "1 is prime, 1 is prime, 1 is prime,
1 is prime...."